Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation in the membranes (meninges) that protect your brain and spinal cord. The severity of this infection can vary from mild to life-threatening and may result in significant long-term health issues, including hearing loss and nerve damage.
There are various forms of meningitis. Viral meningitis is the most common and often resolves on its own. Bacterial meningitis, however, is the most dangerous type. It necessitates immediate hospitalisation and a course of intravenous (IV) antibiotics administered over several weeks.
Seeking prompt medical treatment for any suspected meningitis is crucial to minimise the risk of severe health outcomes, such as sepsis and even death.
In this overview, we’ll explore the types of antibiotics used to treat bacterial meningitis, how these treatments work, and potential side effects.
Who needs them?
Anyone diagnosed with bacterial meningitis requires intravenous antibiotics in a hospital setting. Antibiotics combat various bacterial infections by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth in your body.
Types of antibiotics
Delaying antibiotic treatment for bacterial meningitis by even a few hours can significantly increase the risk of mortality.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial meningitis in both adults and children. Individuals who have been exposed to bacterial meningitis may also be prescribed antibiotics to prevent the infection from developing.
Doctors may adjust your treatment plan based on new information gathered about your infection.
Antibiotics for adults
While some antibiotics are used to treat both children and adults, others are specifically prescribed for adult use. This distinction is due to the potential harsh effects antibiotics can have on the body while treating a serious infection.
Antibiotics for children
Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to bacterial meningitis due to their less developed immune systems. The type of treatment they receive depends on their age and typically lasts between one to three weeks.
Antibiotics for exposure to bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis can spread through bodily fluids, including saliva, and can be transmitted if someone close to you coughs. If you have been exposed, you may need a preventative course of antibiotics. Consult your doctor if you believe you have been exposed. They will order tests and work with you to develop a plan.
How treatment works
Bacterial meningitis is always a medical emergency, requiring hospitalisation. Your doctor will aim to identify the type of infection but may start an antibiotic IV treatment while awaiting test results.
An IV is a method of delivering fluid or medication through a tube or needle into your body, usually inserted into the crook of your arm or the back of your hand. A secure “port” and tape keep the IV in place.
Antibiotic side effects
Antibiotics for bacterial meningitis can cause side effects, which may range from mild to very unpleasant. These can include:
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal pain or cramps
- Diarrhoea
- Skin rashes
- Vaginal yeast infections
Side effects can depend on your body’s response and the specific antibiotic used. Discuss any side effects with your doctors, as you may need to adjust your treatment regimen.
In rare cases, individuals may have a severe allergic reaction to an antibiotic. Difficulty breathing or throat swelling may indicate anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction. Seek emergency medical help immediately.
Recovery and long-term effects
Recovery from bacterial meningitis after hospitalisation often requires time. Avoid overexerting yourself and ensure you get plenty of rest. Keep in close contact with your doctor regarding any symptoms and your overall recovery progress.
Approximately one in five meningitis survivors experience lasting health complications, such as:
- Hearing loss
- Brain damage
- Nervous system damage
- Limb loss
The risk of long-term complications increases if bacterial meningitis is left untreated or if treatment is delayed.
Prevention
Vaccines are available to prevent bacterial meningitis, though not viral meningitis. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence and severity of bacterial meningitis worldwide.
While vaccines are not 100 percent effective, they offer substantial protection. In the UK, meningitis vaccines are part of the routine vaccination schedule for children and teenagers. The primary vaccines are MenB and MenACWY, which protect against common strains of the disease.
Takeaway
Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that requires hospitalisation and antibiotic treatment. Delaying treatment increases the risk of death or severe long-term health complications.
Treatment involves receiving antibiotics via IV, along with other medications and fluids to alleviate symptoms. The treatment duration may range from one to several weeks.
If you suspect exposure to or infection with bacterial meningitis, contact your doctor immediately. Ensure that you and your children stay up to date with vaccinations to provide additional protection against the disease.